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Hydrogen is blowing up: from science experiment to export industry

Remember those science experiment cars powered by water? That technology could help Australia decarbonise its economy and become a major player in a zero-emissions world.
Alex Dook
Alex Dook
Freelance writer
Hydrogen is blowing up: from science experiment to export industry
Image credit: Photo by Darren Halstead on Unsplash

Did you ever do the science experiment at school where you fuelled little plastic cars with water?

Those neat little guys were a cool way to learn about electrolysis, the process of using electricity to split water into two gases: hydrogen and oxygen. These gases became the fuel, and zip! The car would move.

A fun science demonstration, sure. But what if this technology could be used to decarbonise the economy and establish a valuable export industry for Australia?

Key to unlocking the energy industry potential of liquid hydrogen is Steph Munro. She’s a chemical engineering whiz and Visiting Student Researcher at UWA’s Australian Centre for LNG Futures. Steph is part of a team working towards making hydrogen a viable energy source.

“In recent years, we’ve seen growing pressure to decarbonise the economy, and government is encouraging this,” Steph says.

“Future energy use will come from greener sources, and hydrogen will potentially be a major player in this area.”

So how does hydrogen work as a fuel?

Burn, baby!

When burned, hydrogen produces water and releases a lot of heat as energy. That makes it a great fuel with no carbon emissions. But how does the process work?

Hydrogen and fuel cells explained

Video credit: FuseSchool – Global Education
Hydrogen and fuel cells explained

Until now, hydrogen has mainly been used for various industrial processes. But there’s a significant opportunity for hydrogen to be used for electricity, transport, heat and more.

“Hydrogen has become a major player in this area. And that’s because it’s perfect for decarbonising parts of the economy that are difficult to electrify,” Steph says.

Take long-haul trucks, for example. Because they travel such vast distances, electric batteries aren’t suitable. No battery can cover the distance required, and they take too long to recharge. But a hydrogen-fuelled truck can be quickly refuelled, just like a diesel-fuelled truck.

Long Toyota Fuel Cell Truck with a red cabin and a poster on the trailer that reads: Creating a Zero-emissions world"
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Project Portal beta fuel-cell truck prototype, which can reportedly travel 480km between fills

Image credit: Toyota
Project Portal beta fuel-cell truck prototype, which can reportedly travel 480km between fills

So that little toy fuel cell car from science class? Imagine that, but a long-haul truck.

Going global

As the global demand for hydrogen grows, exporting hydrogen could be big for Australia.

In 2030, the annual liquid hydrogen demand from China, Japan, South Korea and Singapore is likely to be 3.8 million tonnes, according to CSIRO. That could represent almost $10 billion a year for the Australian economy.

“There is an opportunity for Australia to export hydrogen to nations that don’t have the renewable energy infrastructure to decarbonise their economy,” Steph says.

So what are we waiting for?

The challenges

Like anything requiring new infrastructure, there are significant challenges to overcome.

“The main challenge with hydrogen is that it exists at atmospheric conditions as a gas, which takes up a large volume,” Steph says. “That can be a problem if you want to import 900,000 tonnes as a fuel.”

“This is why natural gas is exported as LNG or liquefied natural gas.”

But that doesn’t mean it’s easy to liquefy hydrogen. In order to liquefy gases, you need to cool them to very cold temperatures.

“Natural gas liquefies at -161°C, but hydrogen gas liquefies at -253°C. That requires a lot of energy,” Steph says.

It’s so hard to cool things down that, in a tank of liquid hydrogen, more than one-third of the energy goes towards liquefying it.

A large ship that will carry liquefied hydrogen berths at a dock with coloured launch streamers hanging over the hull
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The world’s first liquid hydrogen carrier, which will pilot the export of hydrogen to Japan

Image credit: Kawasaki Heavy Industries
The world’s first liquid hydrogen carrier, which will pilot the export of hydrogen to Japan

“We’re currently working on leveraging our knowledge in LNG to make liquefaction more energy efficient,” Steph says.

“There are a number of conceptual models of liquefaction plants that are much more efficient. The next step is developing those conceptual plants into reality.”

And lastly, liquid hydrogen is just a bit weird. “Because liquid hydrogen exists at such cold temperatures, we don’t yet totally understand it. That makes ironing out inefficiencies quite difficult,” Steph says.

“Due to these challenges, we’re likely to see a hydrogen industry that embraces multiple technologies, not just liquid hydrogen.”

The next steps

While there are challenges, bright minds are working on meeting them.

In the meantime, we’ll be playing with our fuel-cell toys …

 

Find out more about Steph’s work at the Australian Centre for LNG Futures.

To find out more about Australia’s national hydrogen strategy, listen to this Grattan Institute podcast featuring Australia’s Chief Scientist, Dr Alan Finkel AO.

Alex Dook
About the author
Alex Dook
Raised by a physics teacher and a university professor, Alex had no choice but to be a science nerd. He has worked in science communication in both Perth and Melbourne, mainly setting things on fire for delighted children. Alex is now a freelance science writer and content creator.
View articles
Raised by a physics teacher and a university professor, Alex had no choice but to be a science nerd. He has worked in science communication in both Perth and Melbourne, mainly setting things on fire for delighted children. Alex is now a freelance science writer and content creator.
View articles

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